Students investigate the growth and production of citrus fruits and use observation and mathematical computation to compare and contrast grapefruits and lemons. Grades 3-5

citrus: a tree of a genus that includes citron, lemon, lime, orange, and grapefruit; cultivated in warm countries for their fruit, which has juicy flesh and a pulpy rind

evergreen: a classification of plant that has leaves throughout the year that are always green

pest: an organism living and growing where it is not wanted and is causing damage to plants, humans, structures, and other creatures

Grapefruit, lemons, oranges, and limes are citrus fruits that are grown in warm climates including California, Arizona, and Florida. Florida is the top producing citrus state. Florida and Arizona most often produce oranges that are processed into juices. Most California oranges are of the navel variety, which is a seedless fruit.

Grapefruit, as do lemons, grow on evergreen trees whose leaves have a waxy cuticle covering. Grapefruit were given their name when people noticed that they grow in clusters, just like grapes grow in clusters. Grapefruit trees produce best when they are grown in places that have hot summers and winters that never get colder than 20°F (-6.66° C).

Lemons are a popular ingredient in many dessert dishes, but are most often recognized as the main ingredient in lemonade. Ventura County in California is the leading producer of lemons in the United States. Because of its unique coastal location, some lemon trees in this region can produce fruit three to four times per year.

Over the past several decades, more citrus varieties have been developed and commercialized. For example, the Pixie mandarin, a small, sweet, orange-colored fruit was developed by the University of California in Riverside. It is now a popular citrus fruit in stores today.

Farmers must protect their trees from winter frost and summer "sunburn." Perhaps you have seen some trees painted with white paint to protect the trunks from the sun. During the winter, growers must protect their trees from too much water. If this is a challenge, tree trunks are painted with a substance that is greenish-blue. This chemical prevents wet trees from getting diseases that are caused by bacteria and fungi that grow on wet citrus roots.

All citrus farmers must protect their trees from insects and other pests. The most common pest is the common garden snail. Copper rings are placed around citrus trunks. This produces a physical barrier that, if crossed by the snails, will emit an electric shock. Garden snails are also controlled by the release of special types of carnivorous snails. These special snails eat the harmful snails and do not eat any plants. You may also research other citrus pests, such as the "citrus bud mite."

Lemons are usually smaller than grapefruit and are generally more sour than grapefruit. There is one exception to this, however. The Ponderosa lemon tree produces lemons that weigh approximately two pounds each! They have a very mild lemon flavor similar to the taste of the lemon flavor in lemonade.

1. Show the students a grapefruit and lemon. Pass the fruit around and have the students examine the shape, size, color, and smell of each fruit.
2. Tell the students they will be comparing and contrasting these two types of citrus fruits grown in California, Arizona, and Florida.
3. Pass out the Lemon & Grapefruit Venn Diagram and have students fill this out by comparing and contrasting what they notice while observing each fruit.

Activity One:

1. Project the Citrus Fruits Commodity Fact Sheet onto a large screen. Arrange the students so they can see and participate in a shared reading of the fact sheet.
   • Shared reading is an instructional strategy used by teachers as an interactive reading experience. Students join in or share the reading responsibilities on an enlarged text while guided and supported by an experienced reader or teacher.
2. After reading about citrus fruits, organize the students into small groups and have the groups work cooperatively to add more information to the Venn diagrams they began in the Engage section of this lesson.
3. Bring the students back together as a whole group and have them sit in a circle to participate in a Text, Talk, and Time discussion using their Venn diagrams and the Citrus Fruits Commodity Fact Sheet. To see a demonstration of this teaching strategy, watch the video, Analyzing Texts: Text, Talk, and Time. Refer to the reminders below to emphasize the rules of this strategy:
   • Thumbs up: Share new information
   • Two fingers: Add to an answer
   • Teacher's hand up: Students are quiet, the next question is asked.
4. Have the students add additional the information gained from the class Text, Talk, and Time discussion to their Venn diagrams.   

Activity Two:

1. Show the students grapefruit and lemons. Discuss what a cross-section is and cut the fruit in half.
2. Ask the students what they already know about these fruits: 
   • What are the names of the fruit? (grapefruit and lemons)
   • What kind of fruit are they? (citrus)
   • What nutrients are they high in? (Vitamin C and Olic Acid)
3. Have students individually complete the "Predictions" section on page one of their A "Sour" Subject Student Lab Report.
4. As a class, read and discuss the "Introduction" section of the lab report.
5. Organize students into groups of three to four students. 
6. Have students complete the remainder of the lab report following your instructions, which should include:
   • Set-up and clean-up procedures
   • Special hints on how to complete the worksheet
   • Other appropriate information

Variations

• Compare a non-citrus fruit, such as a banana, to a citrus fruit.
• Have students design their own problems related to their data.

After conducting these activities, review and summarize the following key concepts:

• Grapefruit, lemons, oranges, and limes are citrus fruits. They grow on trees in warm climates such as California, Arizona, and Florida.
• Scientists help citrus farmers develop new and improved varieties of citrus fruits.
• Citrus fruits provide an abundant source of vitamin C.

• An Orange in January
• Fruit Bowl
• Harvesting for a Healthy Community Farm to School Resources
• The Fruits We Eat
• Tree Fruits Flowchart
• What is a Fruit? What is a Vegetable? Bulletin Boards
• When Grandma Gives You a Lemon Tree